CCPA vs. GDPR: Similarities and Differences Explained

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are laws that emerged to give individuals greater power over their personal information. Both regulate organisations that collect and use data in a variety of ways.

A brief summary of the CCPA:

• Gives California residents increased transparency and control over how businesses collect and use their data
• Generally applies to organisations doing business in California, and to those that handle or share the personal information of California residents

A brief summary of the GDPR:

• Gives European Union (E.U.) residents increased transparency and control over how businesses collect and use their data
• Applies to organisations in and out of the E.U. that process the personal data of E.U. residents

But there’s more to the story than that. Getting to know both regulations will help you keep your organisation legally compliant and inspire customer trust.

CCPA vs. GDPR: A closer look at the scope of these data protection laws

The CCPA is about increasing transparency for California residents, allowing them to understand how their data is collected and transacted. Meanwhile, the GDPR regulates data privacy across the E.U., replacing some data protection laws across Europe with a single framework. It’s important to note, however, that the GDPR does have implications for businesses in the United States, despite originating in Europe. 

Side by side, here’s how they compare:

Both regulations arose to protect people in a world of increasing global interconnectivity—where international transfers of personal data are more frequent and elaborate, and forward strides in technology have resulted in data misuse scandals and sophisticated cyber attacks.

The CCPA and GDPR apply to individual organisations in different ways, and while there are some nuances in scope that distinguish both sets of legislation, they share similar goals. By observing how they complement each other, you can create scalable data privacy and security policies that comply with both laws.

How do the laws define personal information?

Personal information (CCPA) vs. personal data (GDPR)

The CCPA defines personal information as any information that identifies, describes, relates to, or can be reasonably linked with a consumer or household. 

Under the GDPR, personal data refers to any information that directly or indirectly identifies someone. 

Some examples of “personal information” and “personal data” include full name, email addresses, official document numbers (e.g., passport, driver’s license, and social security), and online identifiers. Note that the CCPA exempts some specific categories from its scope, such as certain medical information. 

While regulations use different terms with slightly varying definitions, “personal data,” “personal information,” and “personally identifiable information (PII)” are often used interchangeably.

Who do the laws apply to?

Consumers (CCPA) vs. data subjects (GDPR)

The CCPA protects consumers—natural persons who are California residents. The GDPR focuses on data subjects—any identifiable person residing in the E.U. who can be identified directly or indirectly. Both regulations have a global reach, though under slightly different circumstances. 

Businesses (CCPA) vs. data controllers (GDPR)

The CCPA regulates businesses—for-profit organisations that do business in California, collect personal information from California-based consumers, and determine how and why it’ll be processed. One or more of the following must also apply:

• Has $25 million dollars or more in annual gross revenues
• Buys, receives, sells, or shares the personal information of at least 50,000 consumers, households, or devices
• Derives at least 50% of annual revenue from selling consumers’ personal information

The CCPA also sets out requirements for service providers—organisations that process personal information on behalf of a business.

The GDPR, on the other hand, targets data controllers—organisations that decide how and why they’ll process personal data belonging to E.U. residents. In addition, the GDPR regulates processors—organisations that process personal data on behalf of controllers. The GDPR applies when the data controller or its processor is established in the E.U., or when non-E.U. controllers process the personal data of E.U. residents when offering commercial goods and services or monitoring their behaviour.

Both the CCPA and GDPR impact swathes of globally operating enterprises, so it’s worth evaluating how you collect and use personal data in different territories.

What rights do the CCPA and GDPR give people?

The two regulations overlap when it comes to some rights—so if you’re already compliant with GDPR, you’re well on your way to meeting CCPA requirements. Knowing the similarities can also help set you up for compliance with future regulations across geographies that will likely mirror these existing ones. 

Here’s what the CCPA and GDPR have in common:

• The right to know: Under both the CCPA and the GDPR, businesses need to be transparent about what personal data they collect and what they do with that data.
• The right to access: Individuals are entitled to access their personal data, and can request copies of their personal information verbally or in writing. 
• The right to opt out: Under certain circumstances, individuals have a right to opt out of having their personal data processed by an organisation.
• The right to portability: Individuals protected by the CCPA and GDPR generally have the right to request their personal information in accessible, readily usable formats such as CSV or XML.
• The right to erasure: For the most part, individuals have the right to request the deletion of their personal data that an organisation has collected or stored.

Of course, each regulation also has its own unique rights. For example, under the CCPA, businesses may offer financial incentives tied to the collection, sale, or deletion of personal information if this is adequately disclosed and consumers opt in. And under the GDPR, decisions made solely by automated means (e.g., algorithms), including processing data to profile people, are only permissible under certain conditions.

Under what circumstances can businesses use personal data?

In many instances, the CCPA allows organisations to process data by default, as long as they provide a clear option for consumers to opt out of having their personal information sold or shared (e.g., a banner, form, or a “do not sell my personal information” link). 

Under the GDPR, organisations can only process data when at least one of six legal grounds for data processing applies:

• Consent: Individuals can consent to their personal data being processed for specific purposes, but they can withdraw this consent at any time.
• Contract: This means processing data is necessary to honor a contract between the individual and organisation, or it’s a necessary preliminary step before entering the contract.
• Legal obligation: When processing an individual’s data is needed to comply with the law.
• Vital interests: When processing data is needed to protect someone’s life.
• Public task: If data processing is required to perform a task in the public interest, with a clear basis in law.
• Legitimate interests: When processing data is necessary for the organisation’s legitimate interests, or that of a third party. This is the most open-ended lawful basis for processing data, and is worth exploring further.

To comply with both the CCPA and GDPR, it’s important to consider the lawful bases for processing data while providing opt-in and/or opt-out consent if and when necessary.

How are these laws enforced?

The Attorney General of California can issue financial penalties if organisations don’t comply with the CCPA. The maximum charge per violation is $7,500 for intentional violations, and $2,500 otherwise. However, the approval of the Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act Initiative—a ballot proposition that was passed during the 2020 general election—updates the CCPA with the creation of the California Privacy Protection Agency: a body with the power to investigate potential non-compliance cases, issue injunctions, apply fines, and bring civil actions to collect unpaid fines.

Regulators in the E.U. can similarly enforce the GDPR through fines. While these fines depend on the nature of each infringement, they can go up to €20 million, or up to 4% of a company’s global annual turnover. The GDPR is administered by the E.U.’s national data protection authorities. These entities advise organisations on complying with the GDPR, and can use investigatory powers to audit organisations suspected of breaches, erase wrongfully obtained data, and issue warnings, fines, and bans on data processing. 

CCPA and GDPR in summary

While the CCPA and GDPR target different geographies, they both have global reach and strive to create a regulatory environment that strongly emphasises privacy. 

Both the GDPR and CCPA are leading pieces of legislation when it comes to data privacy and transparency, but the compliance landscape is always evolving. As legislators around the globe continue to keep pace with technology, the best move is to implement data handling practices and compliance policies that you can scale and adapt when necessary.

Wondering how to get compliant with the CCPA and GDPR? 

• Learn about the critical steps you need to take to comply with the CCPA (Webinar)
• Find out how Okta can help organisations on their CCPA journeys (Blog post)
• Determine if your organisation is prepared for the GDPR (Whitepaper)
• Discover how Okta can support the GDPR—and your CIAM requirements (Blog post)
• Understand how compliance helps build customer trust (Blog post)

While this article discusses certain legal concepts, it does not constitute legal advice. It is provided for informational purposes only. For legal advice regarding your organisation's compliance needs, please consult your organisation's legal department. Okta makes no representations, warranties, or other assurances regarding the content of this article. Information regarding Okta's contractual assurances to its customers can be found at okta.com/agreements.